Reformations

Michael Rupic

Describe the various reformations that occurred in the 16th century and how the arguments against the established doctrines were handled by the church.


 * Lutheranism**
 * justification-faith alone
 * Bible-sole source of religious truth
 * two sacraments to remain-baptism, communion (Lord's Supper)
 * denied transubstantiation-real presence of Jesus' body/blood
 * rejected church's authority- interpret Scripture
 * //95 Theses//-refused to accept indulgence controversy
 * //Address to the Nobility of the German Nation//-called upon princes to overthrow papacy
 * //Babylonian Captivity of the Church//-attacked sacramental system
 * //On the Freedom of a Christian Man//-faith alone, not good works, which justifies, frees, and brings salvation
 * //Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants//-against Peasants' War-did not support social revolution


 * Calvinism**
 * Institutes of the Christian Religion-synthesis of Protestant thought-ecclesiastical organization
 * adhered to doctrine-justification by faith alone
 * absolute sovereignty of God-"power, grace, and glory"
 * predestination-"eternal decree"-fate was determined from time of birth-some saved (elect)-others damned (probate)
 * three tests-indicate salvation-open profession of faith, decent/good daily life, and participation in baptism, communion


 * Zwinglianism**
 * asked state for assistance
 * abolished relics/images-paintings/decorations removed from walls
 * replaced mass with liturgy of prayer, Scripture reading, and sermons
 * eliminated music-distraction from pure word of God
 * abolished veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, monasticism, pilgrimages, and pope's authority
 * refused to accept real presence of Christ in bread/wine